GOST 8717.0-84. Reinforced concrete and concrete steps. Technical conditions.

The size in brackets refers to steps for stairs with a slope of 1:1.5.

LSP - platform liner;

LSS - flat for through marches.

Stages of standard size LSS24

1.7. The steps are made with mounting loops.

1.3. The steps are made of reinforced concrete.

The main steps (LS type) with a length of up to 1500 mm inclusive for stairs arranged on a solid base are made of concrete.

Referring to SNiP, you can see:

Stairs that are too steep can be dangerous

Please note: the formula for calculating stair steps is presented in one of our previous articles.

Areas of application

Concrete steps are equally suitable for installation in buildings equipped with a heating system and for use outdoors in unheated rooms.
Concrete steps can be used to equip a porch near the front door of a house, or to build an elegant spiral concrete staircase indoors. The steps are suitable for a wide range of works, in particular: the construction of flights of stairs of an unusual design, according to an individual project; in conditions where the standard flights of stairs at the facility do not fit in size and do not comply with GOST.

Based on the design features, there are two types of concrete steps: monolithic (poured at the installation site), prefabricated (separate production of steps, the structure is constructed from prepared elements).

Monolithic

The main purpose is the construction of entrance stairs, entrance to the terrace, porch, and basement. If you have not previously poured steps, start with an extension for the porch; it usually consists of 3-4 steps; it is easier to install than a basement.

To install a solid concrete staircase, the following tools are needed: a shovel and a bayonet; hammer; carrying container; hacksaw; trowel; building level; concrete mixer. All work consists of several stages, it is important to follow the instructions to get a good result:

1. Forming a pillow. At the proposed site of the structure, they dig a hole up to 20 cm deep, fill it with crushed stone, cover it with a 10 cm layer of sand and fill it with a large amount of water; the liquid pulls grains of sand with it, which fill the space between the stones.
2. Installation of support. A pair of concrete beams are installed so that one end rests against the beginning of the prepared pillow, the other against the wall.
3. Installation of formwork. Plywood boxes are mounted to the fixed beams, so that the largest box is equal to the area of ​​the proposed building, each next one should be smaller by the width of the step. The number of boxes depends on the expected length of the structure; they are fixed on the wall, beams and connected to each other with slats. When installing the boxes, each one must be checked for evenness; a rail is placed on it under the level. It is better to take measurements several times.
4. Preparation of the solution. The ratio of cement, sand, crushed stone and water is 1:2:3:0.7-1. For pouring, they mainly use M400 cement; a solution that is too dense is not suitable, and a liquid solution is also not the best option - it will leak through the cracks of the formwork. It is advisable not to violate the first three proportions; the density is adjusted by water content.
5. Filling. Before pouring, you can put reinforcement mesh on the bottom of the bottom box - this will prevent cracking of the steps. The pouring process must be continuous; in order to get the mixture into all corners of the box and the cells of the reinforcing mesh, pierce these places with a rod - this way you will release possible air accumulations. After pouring, level the surface with a trowel or shovel and cover with polyethylene to prevent sudden loss of moisture. After a few days (depending on the brand of cement), the film and formwork can be removed, and the concrete steps are ready for use.
6. Finishing work. After dismantling the formwork, it is advisable to sand the steps with a special machine, this will improve the appearance of the porch. If concrete particles peel off from the steps during the grinding process. Grinding should be postponed for several days.

A prefabricated structure is less durable than a monolithic one; it consists of individual steps that are mounted into a frame. But the advantage can be considered the ability to design any shape. Casting is easier than building a solid staircase; the steps must be the same. Main stages of work:

1. Preparation of formwork. A number of boxes equal to the number of steps are placed on a flat surface. The bottom is covered with a reinforced mesh - in prefabricated stairs, reinforcement is simply necessary, since empty space is formed between the steps, which reduces the resistance of the material to pressure.
2. Filling. The process is no different from pouring a monolithic structure; grade 400 cement is used for preparation, but the drying period is from 2 weeks.
3. Installation. First, a pair of beams made of metal or reinforced concrete are mounted and steps are attached to them - first the lower ones. For increased strength, weld the metal stair hinges to the beams. Installation can realistically be carried out by at least two people - the steps weigh quite a lot, and it is physically impossible to hold and fasten the elements.
4. Finishing. The final stage of work on installing a prefabricated staircase. Concrete structures do not look attractive, so there is a need to choose a finishing coating - wood, tiles, carpet or any other material, depending on individual preferences.

LS 9.17-B stair step

Basic steps LS 9.17-B are building composite reinforced concrete elements for universal use. These are durable and reliable elements of internal and external stairs, having a special shape, and the components they consist of. The markings use digital and letter designations:

• LS – product category (stair step);
• 11 and 17 – dimensions in dm, length and height of the product.;
• 1 – the number of embedded parts required for the installation of handrails and risers. Mandatory markings reflect the type of step and dimensions.

Scope of use

The main steps ensure safe movement from floor to floor, and therefore must withstand high (at least 200 kg/cm2) vertical loads. The building elements are laid out on a channel or beam, which serves as a supporting structure. Fastening to the base is carried out using mortgages, they are welded, and then the joints are filled with liquid concrete. LS 9.17-B steps connect all floors, as well as technical rooms - attic and basement. Additionally, landings, frieze steps, and fasteners are installed in flights of stairs along with the steps. The main stages LS 9.17-B are used only where they do not come into contact with an aggressive environment. Operation in winter temperatures down to -40 degrees is allowed. In industrial and civil buildings, such reinforced concrete products not only perform their main function of carrying loads, but also create a decorative effect with their neat appearance. Therefore, the surface of the reinforced concrete products must be smooth and aesthetic, without potholes or chips. If necessary, a layer of decorative concrete or mosaic coating is applied to the outer surface to improve the appearance.

Manufacturing and materials

LS 9.17-B steps are made by vibration casting. The vibrating table vibrates at a high frequency, which makes it possible to compact the concrete mixture used in the production process: air bubbles are pressed out of it. Due to this, the product receives increased strength. The rigidity of the step structure is achieved by reinforcement. The strength class of concrete for the production of main steps is B15 and B25, this allows reinforced concrete products to withstand dynamic and static loads, as well as impact deformations. The stages can be successfully operated in conditions of high seismic activity up to 9 points. An additional advantage of concrete steps is their high fire resistance, resistance to abrasive wear, and other external influences. Therefore, products must have not only high strength, but also frost resistance and water resistance.

Dimensions and characteristics of LS 9.17-B 900x290x168

The dimensions and characteristics of LS 9.17-B are presented in the table below. According to GOST, dimensional deviations of more than 4-6 mm are allowed.

• Length: 900 mm.
• Width: 290 mm.
• Height: 168 mm.
• Weight: 0.096 t.
• Volume: 0.040 m³
• GOST: 8717.0-84

Delivery of drugs 9.17-B

Delivery of LS 9.17-B is carried out by our own transport to Moscow, the region and other regions of Russia! Delivery estimates can be ordered in the Delivery section.

According to GOST 8717.0-84, heavy cargo can be transported only in a horizontal position in special vehicles. When loading/unloading, it is prohibited to move several pieces at a time. Exception: rigging work with special devices, where lifting several products at the same time is allowed.

When storing in open ground, a pad with a thickness of at least 10 cm is placed at the base of the stack; a drain for water is required.

Stair steps LS 9.17-B price in Moscow

Stair steps LS 9.17-B are priced per piece and depend on their size, thickness, presence/absence of reinforcing additives, reinforcement. In order not to overpay for the goods, it is advisable to order directly from the manufacturer at the PSK Perspektiva plant. This way you will receive certified reinforced concrete products with a laboratory report and at the best cost.

Our company can offer you the optimal balance between quality and cost.

You can request our price list and place an order in the section of the site that interests you.

Come check out the prices and make sure that cooperation with us will be beneficial for you.

Our plant PSK Perspektiva LLC has been operating since October 2003.

Buy stair steps LS 9.17-B at the concrete goods plant

It is profitable to buy stair steps LS 9.17-B in Moscow without intermediaries at the Perspektiva reinforced concrete plant. We are now increasing our production capacity and looking for new reliable partners.

If you are serious about cooperation, contact us at the numbers listed in the “Contacts” tab.

Analogues of writing reinforced concrete products at the reinforced concrete and dsk plant LS 9.17.B, LS9.17-B

Characteristics of LS 9.17-B

The main activity of our company is the supply of reinforced concrete products in Moscow, Russia and neighboring countries.

Our specialists will select for you the best option for delivering reinforced concrete products, based on the volume of products, cargo dimensions, customer address, desired time frame for receiving the goods; and forwarders will deliver the ordered reinforced concrete products exactly on time, ensuring proper storage along the way, the safety and security of the cargo, and will ensure unloading and loading operations.

By entrusting us with the transportation of reinforced concrete products, you receive a number of advantages:

• Prompt delivery Our company has its own large fleet of vehicles - flatbed trucks, trucks with a crane (manipulator crane) and special equipment of various lifting capacities (from 1.5 to 20 tons).
• Railway dead end On the territory of the production base there is its own railway dead end and a gantry crane, which allows you to organize the loading of railway cars in the shortest possible time.
• Guarantee of cargo safety All work on the delivery of reinforced concrete products is carried out by experienced and careful drivers who know the specifics of transporting reinforced concrete products.
• Document preparation We provide a full range of services for preparing the necessary documents for the delivery of reinforced concrete products and oversized cargo, which allows you to avoid problems during transportation.

Types of finishing

Virtually any finishing materials can be used to cover concrete. It is worth choosing a coating that is easy to adjust to the size.

Lumber

Wood-covered steps are one of the most common solutions for finishing concrete. This type of cladding is quite simple to manufacture. Hardwood is suitable, softer materials, coniferous, can be used for finishing risers.

It is easy to cut tongue-and-groove boards for finishing at home according to templates or contact a workshop for cutting work. The inner part of the slab is treated with an antiseptic, and the upper part is treated with paint and varnish compounds that prevent abrasion. With proper, precise cutting, the joints between the slabs are practically invisible. If gaps are visible, they should be filled with wood putty or special mastic before painting.

Ceramic tile

The tile does not require special tools for installation, it is easy to care for - this has made porcelain stoneware one of the most popular coverings for steps. A wide range of choices in color, size, and patterns will allow you to choose the most suitable option that will fit well into the overall interior of the house. For steps it is important to use matte, non-slip tiles. If you have covered the concrete with a glossy material, you must ensure that there are rubber strips on the steps for better adhesion between the shoes and the surface.

Budget options

The range of finishing products for concrete steps allows you to choose the best option even with small waste. Budget types of coatings include the following:

• Painting is an inexpensive solution that allows you to realize any ideas, but the paint will soon wear off. Therefore, such coverage requires periodic updating.
• Carpet - pay attention to the covering with short pile, made from polyamide fibers (they are more wear-resistant).
• Laminate or parquet - despite its low cost, have high strength and shock-absorbing properties.

List of standards

Let's start with regulatory documents.

Production is regulated by GOST 8717.0 - 84, adopted in April 1984. Its effect applies to products made of heavy, light and silicate concrete intended for arranging stairs on solid foundations inside and outside buildings.

Flights of stairs and landings are manufactured in accordance with GOST number 9818-85 from heavy and light concrete with a density of at least 1600 kg/m3. According to the text of the document, the products are intended for the installation of stairs exclusively inside buildings.

Useful: GOST 9818-85 contains a technical description of not only flights and stairs, but also separately produced concrete treads for them.

What do the documents we mentioned say?

GOST 8717.0.-84

We have already mentioned the area of ​​application of reinforced concrete steps - inside and outside buildings. GOST gives a more detailed definition: it is permissible to use them outside heated buildings in climatic zones with the coldest five-day period of the season, with an average temperature of -40 degrees. Contact of concrete with aggressive media is allowed, which allows the products to be used in production (including in the chemical industry).

The steps are divided into the following categories:

• LS is the main one.
• LSV - upper frieze (adjacent to the site).
• LSP - platform liner.
• LSN - lower frieze.
• LSS - flat for through marches.

The main material for the products is reinforced concrete; however, the main steps of the LS up to 1.5 meters long can be produced without reinforcement.

The maximum short-term load for reinforced concrete products is 6 kPa, or 600 kgf/cm2.

A caveat: the calculated load does not take into account the own weight of the step. However, on a solid base it should be completely transferred to this very base, without loading the step.

The standard stipulates that reinforced concrete stair steps are produced with steel embedded parts for fastening railings. By agreement with the customer, however, mortgages can be replaced with sockets.

Flat steps LSS, in addition, are equipped with mortgages for fastening to stringers (supporting beams of the march) with a width of 155-180 mm; Additional embedded elements can be installed for a specific project.

If necessary, products are made left and right - depending on the direction in which the stairs rise. As a rule, this parameter only affects the location of the embeds or sockets for mounting the fence.

Depending on the project and in agreement with the customer, steps can be supplied with or without mounting loops. In the second case, the use of loading equipment with special grips is implied: the concrete products themselves cannot be rigged.

Massive reinforced concrete products are usually produced with mounting loops.

Steps made of lightweight concrete must have at least a 15 mm layer of heavy concrete or an abrasion-resistant coating of synthetic materials on the front surface.

The top surface finish may vary within the standard.

What options are possible?

1. Smooth concrete with regular cement.
2. Decorative concrete - on white, colored cement or marble crushed stone.
3. Mosaic concrete. obtained by grinding concrete on crushed marble and/or white and colored cement.

What are the dimensions of reinforced concrete stair steps?

• The width varies from 900 to 2380 millimeters.
• Height ranges from 100 to 168 mm.
• Tread depth - from 260 to 330 mm.

Several standard sizes of products.

Reinforced concrete steps weigh from 45 to 187 kilograms. If you are not an experienced strength athlete, obviously, you should not take on the task of moving and installing these products with your own hands, without loading equipment.

Design options for steps are described by a related regulatory document - GOST 8717.1-84.

Marking

It consists of alphanumeric groups and hyphens between them.

1. The first group indicates the type of step and its overall dimensions, rounded to whole numbers. However, the height of 145 mm is not displayed.
2. The second group contains the letters B - for concrete main steps, L - for products made of lightweight concrete and C - for silicate. Reinforced concrete prefabricated steps made of dense concrete, belonging to types other than LS, are not marked with the second alphanumeric group.
3. The third group contains:

• Numbers 1, 2, 3, etc. indicating the presence of mortgages or nests for fences. Number 1 corresponds to the design provided for by GOST 8717.1-84; other numbers refer to the design documentation.
• The letter L indicates the left design of the step (for stairs with a guardrail on the right side).
• The letter G means a smooth concrete surface on white or colored cement, the letter W means a polished mosaic surface. Smooth concrete based on ordinary cement is not indicated separately in the markings.

Concrete with marble crushed stone.

• M means increased frost resistance (can be used at -40C and below). P - increased density, allowing the use of products in constant contact with aggressive environments.

Marking samples

Let's give a couple of examples and look at them.

The upper frieze step LSV is designed for a march with a width of 1200 mm. Height - 145 mm. Material: lightweight concrete. The surface is polished mosaic.

Type - LS (main). Length - 1200 mm, height - 168 mm. Material - heavy concrete with a smooth (unpolished) front surface.

Technical requirements

GOST for prefabricated stairs and steps for them imposes certain requirements on the materials used and, of course, on the quality of the finished product.

• The compressive strength of concrete for external stairs should not be lower than grade B25. For internal stairs, the use of concrete grade B15 is allowed.
• The average density of lightweight and silicate concrete should not be lower than 1800 kg/m3.
• For products intended for use outdoors, in unheated rooms or at constant relative humidity above 60%, the fittings are protected from corrosion. The method is specified in the design documentation.

Useful: traditionally paints and varnishes are used for protection. However, it is now easy to find a more effective product on sale - a phosphating rust converter, which creates a durable film of chemically transformed iron oxides on the surface of corrosion-resistant steel. The price of the material starts from 200 rubles/kg.

GOST 9818-85

They relate to the type of reinforcement used, surface abrasion, quality of concrete and maximum permissible deviations in linear dimensions.

How are reinforced concrete flights of stairs, set-up steps and other stair elements installed? It is clear that this work is rarely done with one’s own hands by an untrained person; It is also clear that a professional builder will hardly need instructions for carrying out installation work.

If so, let’s pay attention only to the main points.

• To verify the position of the marches, wooden templates are used.
• Installation of flights and platforms is carried out using a crane. The slings cling to the mounting loops; in case of their absence, steel grips made of profiled pipe are used.

The march is lifted by a crane using mounting loops.

• Adjustment to the desired position is carried out manually using crowbars. The march is first installed with its edge on the lower platform; the upper edge is adjusted to the desired position and placed on a bed of cement mortar.
• The steps can be installed on stringers either using heavy equipment or manually.

Let us clarify: it is clear that only steps weighing up to 80-100 kg can be assembled manually. Carrying and installing steps weighing 150-180 kg is not only problematic, but also dangerous.

• The steps are laid along the march from bottom to top. A sand-cement mortar is poured onto the edge of the lower step, after which the next element of the staircase is installed on top. The treads are simply laid on the solution.

Scheme of assembling a flight of steps.

• In order to make mounting holes not provided for in the manufacture of elements, abrasive cutting of reinforced concrete is used - concrete with diamond wheels, reinforcement - with ordinary metal cutting wheels or a gas cutter.

It should be taken into account that damage to the reinforcement sharply weakens the structure: during the construction of multi-story buildings, such modifications are prohibited. Diamond drilling of holes in concrete, along with conventional pobedit drills, is used to make additional holes when installing fences.

Small holes for communications are made with a diamond crown.

We will consider our acquaintance with reinforced concrete stairs and the products produced for their assembly to be successful (see also the article “Reinforced concrete: methods, materials, subsequent processing”).

As always, the video in this article will offer the reader additional information. Good luck!

Rules and regulations

Installation of stairs must be carried out in compliance with all the requirements of the technological plan, with strict compliance with the design documentation. Before installation, be sure to check all dimensions for possible deviations and rejections.

Attention! All products and parts for such stairs are required to have certificates of conformity, which indicate all their technical parameters, and they themselves must be marked.

According to GOST 8717.0-84, the following maximum permissible deviations from the linear dimensions of steps in any direction are established:

• no more than 5 mm along the length of the product;
• no more than 3 mm in width;
• no more than 2 mm in height.

Also, the instructions do not allow the installation of stair steps that have gained less than 70% strength. Separate requirements relate to the appearance and uniformity of surface coloring.

Marking features

In private housing construction, when constructing a staircase from reinforced concrete steps and based on the size of the room where it is planned to form a staircase or place flights, products are selected according to the markings, which are easy to decipher.

These are alphanumeric designations, where the first group of symbols indicates the type and dimensions, the second group indicates the grade of concrete. For example, stair steps LS 14 B15.

There may also be additional information about embedded elements, finishing method and type of product. For example, the letter “G” denotes a smooth surface, and the letter “W” denotes a rough surface.

The length is indicated by the number immediately after the letters LS:

• 11 equals 1100 mm;
• 12 – 1200 mm;
• 15 – 1500 mm, etc.

The depth of the steps for standard products is 330 mm and the height is 145 mm. If the size is non-standard, these values ​​are additionally indicated on the label. For information on different types of stairs and their installation, watch the video in this article.

Prefabricated concrete staircase on channel stringers

The design of prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs mainly consists of stacked reinforced concrete steps laid on metal stringers made of channels or I-beams. This type of construction is the most reliable and durable compared to wood. Prefabricated concrete stairs can be installed both indoors and outdoors. A concrete staircase using beautiful high-quality finishing materials can decorate the interior of both private and public buildings.

Prefabricated concrete staircases on metal stringers are made on site at the construction site. Stringers are welded to the platform beams or connected using bolts. The landings on this type of stairs are made of ready-made reinforced concrete slabs or a monolithic slab resting on a landing beam is poured.

The steps are mounted on stringers, the seams are filled with cement-sand mortar. In public buildings, metal stringers are painted or treated with some kind of fire-retardant material and then finished with plasterboard. Prefabricated concrete stairs are assembled from reinforced concrete steps, which can be triangular, rectangular or in the shape of a right angle, the stairs are finished with natural stone or ceramic tiles. When lining stairs used outdoors in winter, it is worth providing treads with corrugated tiles to prevent people from falling. There is a fairly wide selection of this type of tile on sale. Also nowadays, treads with electric heating are produced for external stairs, preventing the formation of ice.

Prices for installation of prefabricated concrete steps on steel stringers

TERM-38-01-002-01 Production of beams and stringers. MONORAILS, BEAMS AND OTHER SIMILAR STRUCTURES OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS, ASSEMBLY USING A MOTOR-ROAD CRANE HP=66% (HP = 228 rub.) SP=65% (SP = 225 rub.)

TER- 09- 03- 002- 12 UK TER IZD.3 TB7 P7 Kozp = 1.15 Cam = 1.15 OP P1.9.16; APPENDIX 9.3 P2 Kozp = 1.1 INSTALLATION OF BEAMS, COVERING BEAMS, COVERINGS AND FOR INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT OF MULTISTORY BUILDINGS WITH BUILDING HEIGHTS UP TO 25 M (ON THE TERRITORIES OF OPERATING ENTERPRISES WITH AN EXTENSIVE NETWORK OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING COMMITTEES MUNICATIONS AND CONSTRAINT CONDITIONS FOR STORAGE OF MATERIALS) - ON FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE AND STONE SUPPORTS Kam=1.3 Kzpm=1.3 (Adjustment for market value) HP=90% (NR = 383 rub.) SP=85% (SP = 362 rub.)

TER- 13- 03- 002- 04 OP P1.13.7 Kozp = 1.1 PRIMING METAL SURFACES AT ONE TIME WITH GF-021 PRIMER (MANUALLY) HP = 90% (NR = 32 rub.) SP = 70% (SP = 25 rub.)

TER- 07- 05- 015- 01 UK TER IZD.3 TB7 P7 Kozp = 1.15 Kam = 1.15 CONSTRUCTION OF STAIRS ON A READY BASE FROM INDIVIDUAL SMOOTH STEPS (ON THE TERRITORIES OF OPERATING ENTERPRISES WITH AN EXTENSIVE NETWORK OF TRANS SPORTS AND ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS CONDITIONS FOR STORAGE OF MATERIALS) Cam=1.3 Kzpm=1.3 (Adjustment for market value) HP=155% (NR = 3351 rub.) SP=100% (SP = 2162 rub.) 1.53

100m steps of the SSC01-103-1061 Stroycen, May 2014 Stair Stairs 15- 1 / Concrete B15 (M200), volume 0.066 m3, consumption of Ar-ry 1.59 kg / (series 1.050.9-4.93) 102

If you think that only a professional can cope with this task, then you are deeply mistaken. Having become familiar with the manufacturing technology, you can make steps for stairs from wood or any other material, even if you have no experience.

Design and shape options

A step is the main component of a flight of stairs. According to experts, the minimum permissible number of steps in a staircase is 3, and the maximum is 18. There are three main criteria that determine the type of steps.

By location:

• Frieze - there are upper and lower ones. The first one ends the climb at the upper level, and the second one starts it at the lower level.
• The rank and file are all the other steps that form the march.

By geometry:

• Straight - ordinary elements that have equal depth along the entire length of the tread. The predominant number of flight stairs consists of them, especially for direct ascents.
• Winders are elements used in modeling turning marches. They are used in screw structures and have unequal tread depths: narrower at the inner edge and wider on the opposite side.

Types of steps

Depending on the presence or absence of risers, stairs are:

• Open - have steps in which there is only a horizontal part or tread. The distance between structural elements remains empty.
• Closed - have steps with risers.

In addition, the elements of a flight of stairs differ from each other in shape:

1. Direct. They look like a rectangle. This type is not recommended for screw structures. You can attach such elements in any way.
2. Round ones are characterized by radial edges. They are often used to decorate a porch on the street and as the lowest step when climbing.
3. Semicircular steps are also used when entering a house from the street. They have a semicircle on one side and a straight line on the other.
4. Trapezoid-shaped elements form the design of spiral staircases and rotary staircase models.

Steps are made from different materials: wood, concrete, metal, glass, brick, veneered plywood. According to experts, it is easiest to work with wood: the blanks are easy to make and the tools for making them are quite easy to use.

Welding reinforced concrete steps to metal stringers

Prefabricated steps made of reinforced concrete are laid not only on a solid base, but also on metal stringers. Thin and durable metal stringers visually lighten the structure. The configuration of the stringers can follow the shape of flights of stairs and have a broken, curved profile. In this case, the stringers are welded from short rectangular sections of metal pipe. For their manufacture, channels, I-beams and rectangular pipes are used.

Reinforced concrete staircase elements are attached to the metal stringers installed and attached to the wall: lower frieze, upper frieze and main steps. The embedded parts of the steps are welded to metal stringers. The structure is quite strong and does not require a solid foundation.

When manufacturing reinforced concrete steps, it is necessary to take into account all the requirements of GOST, otherwise there is a possibility of deformation of the staircase or even its destruction. They must withstand all types of loads that are applied to the products. The height and width of treads and risers must necessarily comply with the standard specified in GOST. Failure to comply with the stipulated standards is punishable by law.

Types of wood for steps

Reliability, aesthetic appearance and durability of elements directly depend on the characteristics of the material. The following requirements apply to the tree:

• Structural uniformity of wood fibers. High-quality workpieces are free of cracks, delaminations, knots and other defects.

Unacceptable defects in raw materials

• Integrity. Before buying wood, you should pay attention to ensure that there is no rot or traces of wood-boring beetles on the workpieces.
• Humidity is within normal limits. This figure should not exceed 12%. Otherwise, the boards should be thoroughly dried before use, avoiding direct sunlight.

It is recommended to make elements that will be subject to constant load from solid wood. If this is not possible, then it is permissible to use laminated veneer lumber.

Different types of wood are suitable for making steps with your own hands. But the most popular are:

• Pine. This is an inexpensive and easy to process material. It is characterized by a low degree of hardness, therefore, when working with it, you can use the most common tools. In addition, pine is always available: it is not particularly difficult to find lumber of the desired size and shape. The disadvantage of pine products is considered to be low wear resistance and the appearance of yellowness on the tree a few years after installation.
• Birch. It is distinguished by its durability and special textured pattern. Unlike pine, it is more difficult to process, but birch parts will last much longer. When using birch in construction, the selection of blanks is especially difficult. It is almost impossible to find large boards of uniform color and without defects. Therefore, experts recommend covering the composite structure with veneer.
• Larch. Steps made from this type of wood do not deform, do not shrink, or rot due to the high content of tannins. The main disadvantage is the high price.
• Beech. It is considered a more suitable material for stairs inside the house. The appearance of the blanks is beautiful color and texture. The main disadvantage of wood is its instability to temperature fluctuations and humidity. Even beech blanks soaked in varnish will change shape under the influence of natural factors.
• Ash. It has a high degree of hardness and is therefore ideal for the production of steps. However, due to the complex processing and bright texture, the material is not to everyone’s taste.
• Oak. Wooden steps for stairs made of solid oak are the best choice. Such steps will last for decades. The only disadvantage of this material is its high cost.

Advantages and disadvantages

The main advantages of concrete steps, regardless of height, length, and width, are their affordable cost, which starts from 725 rubles, high quality and operational durability. A staircase built from this material will last for decades, without the need for special maintenance or financial costs. In addition, reinforced concrete steps have other advantages:

• fire resistance, thanks to which the product prevents the spread of fire;
• seismic resistance with the ability to withstand earthquakes with an amplitude reaching 9 points, which makes reinforced concrete steps in demand for the construction of multi-storey buildings in seismically active areas;
• high resistance to intense mechanical loads, including impact loads, due to reinforcement;
• safety, because the design has a monolithic structure and is made from environmentally friendly materials;
• variability of execution, since at the initial stages they can be given any shape, length, height and width;
• the ability to replace an individual element in case of damage, without the need to dismantle the entire staircase structure.

In addition to the advantages, reinforced concrete stair steps also have some disadvantages - a higher cost than the wooden version, and a nondescript appearance. But, the first disadvantage is more than compensated for by a long service life, and the second is easily eliminated by finishing the surface of concrete products.

Calculation of stair steps

Having decided on the material of the workpieces, it is necessary to begin making calculations.

Geometric parameters of steps

Step sizes

When manufacturing steps, template dimensions are used:

• The height of the step is equal to the length of the riser and varies from 150 to 220 mm.
• The depth of the element is the segment from the outer edge of the tread to the riser. It should be such that the foot is completely on the tread. The minimum depth is 25 cm, the maximum is 40 cm.

It should be noted that the depth of the step may not be the same along the entire length of the tread. This is observed in spiral and rotary models. It is larger on the outer edge than on the inside. The depth of the tread remains unchanged only in the center of the step. However, this disadvantage can be dealt with in two ways: using protruding steps or eliminating risers.

• The width of the step is the distance between the edges of the tread. This indicator depends on the intensity of traffic. The standard value is from 900 to 1000 mm. If the traffic is busy, then the flight of stairs can be increased to 1.5 m.
• The thickness of the tread is in a ratio of 1:20 to the width of the step. So, with a width of 900 mm, the tread thickness will be 45 mm. It should be remembered that the minimum permissible tread thickness is 35 mm.
• The thickness of the riser varies from 1.8 to 2.5 cm.

Based on the data obtained, the angle of inclination of the structure and the number of steps are calculated.

Optimal slope of the stairs

The most convenient inclination of a staircase structure is recognized to be a slope from 23 to 37 degrees. The usable area occupied depends on the steepness of the structure. Naturally, steeper structures require significantly less space than flat ones.

Selecting a slope for a structure

Stairs with a slope of 45 degrees are quite difficult to climb, and with a slope of less than 23 degrees they can be replaced with a ramp.

Calculation of the number of steps in a march

To get the exact number of steps in the staircase, you need to divide the height of the floor by the height of one step. The number of marches does not matter at all. It should also be noted that the floor height refers to the distance from the floor covering to the floor on the second floor, taking into account the thickness of the covering.

Knowing the staircase structure and the height of the upper floor, the number of steps can also be determined using a graphical method. Then, using safety formulas, find the width of the tread.

The dimensions of the steps must be taken based on the safety formula

Having decided on the scale, a flight of stairs is drawn on graph paper. Errors that appeared as a result of rounding are distributed to the frieze stage of the lower tier. All remaining steps are made the same size.

Calculation of riser height

Advantages of reinforced concrete stairs

Staircase structures made of reinforced concrete have the following advantages:

Monolithic stairs are distinguished by their durability and strength, thanks to which they have a long service life.

• Durable monolithic construction.
• High strength due to reinforcement of products with reinforcing mesh.
• Long service life.
• Low level of vibration and noise, thanks to this the railing can be firmly fixed.
• High resistance to chemical and mechanical influences, wear.
• Affordability.
• Possibility to produce the dimensions of the rise and width of the steps for individual development.
• Fireproof and durable.
• Varied in finishes and configurations.
• Good performance: do not bend or creak;
• are not subject to destruction due to sudden temperature changes;
• do not rot and are not prone to corrosion.

Installation of wooden steps

There are four types of fastenings for wooden staircase steps:

• Metal carcass. A tread is secured to a corner, channel or metal plate.

• Stringer or bowstring made of wood, plywood. The tread is placed on the ridges and fixed with nails, bolts, and glue.

  
  Stringer mounting options

  
  Methods of attaching to a string

• The central pillar on which the steps of screw models are attached. By the way they are placed, they resemble a spiral with equal distances between the steps.

  
  Installation of screw steps

• Console or Bracket. The cantilever type of fastening involves fastening protruding steps to the reinforcement using welding or anchors.

Let's assume that you want to attach elements to stringers. Then the tread and riser are connected in one of the following ways:

• screws;
• using a groove that is cut into the tread at the intended junction with the riser;
• by installing an auxiliary triangular rail that acts as a support.

Attaching to a stringer

Whichever method you choose, it is recommended to additionally glue the parts to be joined to ensure greater strength.

In the case of attaching stair steps to a bowstring, they can be fixed using a block, a metal corner or a groove.

The final stage after installing the steps is finishing them with plinths.

Metal staircase with wooden steps

The wooden elements are attached to the metal base using holes made at a distance of 150 mm. In this case, it is necessary to make an indentation from the edge of 20 mm.

A plywood backing will eliminate errors that arise when welding metal elements

When welding metal components, errors could be made that caused minor differences in height. In this case, to eliminate irregularities, a substrate is glued to the frame. Plywood with a thickness of 10 mm is suitable for this.

Metal structure cladding

To ensure that the substrate is securely fixed, self-tapping screws are additionally used. Polyurethane foam is not suitable for these purposes. After hardening, it will begin to crumble under the influence of load, which will lead to loosening of the steps.

The wooden tread is pressed against the plywood with clamps and secured with self-tapping screws. To make a staircase with a metal frame look attractive, craftsmen advise making steps with protrusions. They will hide the ugly metal frame.

Reinforced concrete stair steps

We are accustomed to wooden and concrete stairs, which guarantee safety and comfort to a private or residential home. Do not forget about places where the flow of people is so strong (airports, train stations, cinemas) that an ordinary staircase may not be able to withstand it. The only material that can withstand millions of loads and not lose its qualities is reinforced concrete.

In crowded areas, reinforced concrete steps are a must. Only it (among similar stairs) can provide comfort and safety to users. It is worth noting that the cost of such structures is comparatively less than staircase buildings made from other materials.

Concrete staircase with wooden steps

Despite their strength, concrete structures cannot boast of beauty. Therefore, such structures are usually laminated or decorated with wood. Wood cladding is not cheap, but the results are excellent.

Before you begin installing the steps, you need to wait until the structure is completely dry. Otherwise, the sheathing will be saturated with moisture from the wet concrete and deform in the future. The staircase must dry for at least three weeks.

After the concrete mixture has completely dried, installation can begin.

The success of the operation largely depends on how carefully the formwork is prepared. But even in the best case, distortions and irregularities appear, which can be easily eliminated with the help of a screed. After it dries, the surface is cleaned and treated with a primer.

To completely level the concrete surface and create a moisture-proofing layer, sheets of plywood are glued onto a special mastic, and additional fastening is done with dowels.

Plywood eliminates possible geometric inaccuracies of the concrete base

Having carried out the preparatory work, they begin to install the steps. The treads and risers are connected to each other using grooves made in all parts.

Installation of steps begins with the lowest riser, which is bolted to the floor. They are screwed into the end of the part so that the caps stick out 8 cm. Then they are cut off and marks are placed on the floor where they will go.

Dowel connection

Holes are made in the marked areas and filled with epoxy resin. Finally, the riser is attached. After this, a tread with another riser attached to it is placed on the plywood with glue. To make the product stick better, it is recommended to use a weight.